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改错题常考要点

时间:2007-09-08 来源:大学生英语四六级考试 打印本文

一、代词
代词中主要讲解六个问题
(一) 掌握代词的几种格
  主格、宾格、所有格
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books)

(二) 反身代词
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。
  He killed himself. (他自杀了)
  He killed him. (他杀了他)

例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 
    A                 B   
  a series of indicators that could help
             C     
  themselves to predict earthquakes.
    D
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物

(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。

例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the
     A   B      C          D
  Pacific.

分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。

Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品

例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined
                       A 
  the word “normalcy” to express social and
             B
   economic conditions they promised the nation.
   C       D
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。

例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important
        A    
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John
   B        C     
  Keats, published the year of her death. 
      D
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell.


(四) Who和which的区别
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物

例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who
              A            B
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.
   C                  D
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明

(五) that和which的区别
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外

例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it
              A        B
  would affect society could not have been foreseen.
      C              D
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见

(六) 定语从句的特殊省略
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why,
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which

例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly
              A         B 
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain.
         C      D
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能修饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略

例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 
  affected the way people in the United States----.
   (A) living and working
   (B) they live and work
   (C) live and work
   (D) to live and to work
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。


二、介词
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。
(一) 介词搭配

例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those
    A         B   C     
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.
                D
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错

例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal.
A       B     C  D
分析:B错改为be rich in

例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the
    A         B      C
  alternation of periods of light and darkness.
             D
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。


(二) 最重要的两个介词
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water.
          A      B  C     D
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。

例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has
                 A  B    
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on
      C
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean.
      D
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。

2、介词by
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States
    A         B      
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. 治安法官
   C     D
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。

例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils
   A                     
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to
     B    C       D
   supply moccasins and field rations.
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。

例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with
        A               
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements
        B          C  
  that are often represented at symbols.
              D
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。



三、谓语动词
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致
①、主谓分割原则
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle,
     A    
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.
        B      C      D
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。
②、与后者一致原则
not…but, 强调but后面的名词,
not only…but also


③、与前者一致原则
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is,
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致
例:The athlete, together with his coach and
     A      B  C    
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
         D
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is

④、就近原则
or, either…or, neither…nor,
单数名词+or+复数名词+are
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数

例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are
        A      B       
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals.
    C              D
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。

⑤定语从句主语就近原则
There are five apples that are red.
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。

例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets
      A           
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds.
   B   C    D
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。

⑥the +形容词主谓一致
The rich are not always happier than the poor.
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数

⑦、倒装句的主谓一致
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况:
a. there be 句型
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致

例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.
   A     B      C    D   
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is


例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific
             A     B   
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30
     C        
  miles in width.
     D 
分析:倒装句,are改为is

例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and
   A    B       C        
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film
                    D
  presented on the five-story-tall screen.
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。

⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致
fifty percent of + 名词
one percent of + 名词
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:
  one percent of my students + are
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working.

这里要强调两个结构
half of =fifty percent
most of + 可数名词 + are
most of + 不可数名词+ is

例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been
   A       B         C  
  found in central and eastern Canada.
           D
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。

例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized
                 A   B 
  in the United States are for foods and beverages.
              C     D
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。

(二) 谓语动词的时态
①、主要考察时间状语

例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.
   A        B  C     D

分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was


②、For和since的区别
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时
  I has been a teacher for three years.
  I has been a teacher since 1996.
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了

例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became
   A      B             
  the primary responsibility of the president.
     C    D
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。

例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of
             A  B  C  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years.
            D
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。


52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 
   A       B        C     D
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live

(三) 谓语的语态
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。
有四组动词是改错题中常考的:
①、prove
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动;

例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming
                      A 
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be
    B                  C
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.
                  D
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。


②、Locate,Situate
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置
这两个词也可以用作被动
  My school was located near the river.
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint.
   (A)locates
   (B)locating
   (C)to locate
   (D)is located
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。

③、表示需要概念的动词
need, want, require等

My watch needed repairing
My watch needed to be repaired.

④、表示人的情感的动词
move, annoy, surprise, please等

He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。

主动和被动技巧总结:
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词

例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the
                 A     
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams,
                 B
  power structures, and flood-control works along
                    C
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.
                D
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。


四、非谓语动词
(一) 分词
现在分词和过去分词的区别
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
   A
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.
     B      C            D
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning

②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in
      A               B 
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.
               C         D
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living


一些动词后面必须用doing
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, adjust
 advocate, suggest
 delay, quit
 forgive(原谅),tolerate,
 avoid, escape(逃避)
 spend+名词+doing;
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing

例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their
   A     B    C              D
  crops.
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。

例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
               A        B
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.
        C          D
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing

(二) 不定式
A. 动词不定式的省略
①、help后面可以省略to
  help to do
  help sb. to do

例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid
              A      B
  the habits that might shorten the lives.
         C     D
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。

②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个
  make,
  let,
  have sb. do sth
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth.
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
        A               B
  to know when to play various parts of a composition.
   C     D
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know

③、感官动词
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe
   see sb do sth. 强调过程
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事


B. 动词不定式的固定用法
(1)表示第一人
the first woman to do sth.

(2)表示迫使的动词
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do

例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis
     A                 B   
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.
       C           D
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。


(3)表示倾向…的形容词
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事
  be liable to do 易于…的
  be apt to do

(4)表示目的的名词,
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。
固定的句式:
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.
the objective 目标
aim
goal
reason理由
function功能
intension意图

例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing
                       A 
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
           B          C     D
分析:the function to provide, A错

例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure
                  A      
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds
     B 
  that make up various components of a living cell.
    C    D
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错

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