六级模考(二)

时间：2007-07-06 来源：大学生英语四六级考试打印本文

Model Test Two
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a passage of at least 150 words in the title of Reserved Vacant Seats. Please follow the outline given below.
1. 大学校园里占座现象屡禁不止，分析其原因。
2. 你对此的看法。

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Pains and Gains
Pains
The Iraq War is dragging into its fourth year. While peace remains uncertain in Iraq, opinion polls in the United States have shown that support for the war is falling down. However, U.S. President George W. Bush has outwardly expressed his confidence on more than one occasion. “I'm optimistic we'll succeed. If not, I'd pull our troops out,” he said at a recent press conference.
When he ordered troops into Iraq on March 20, 2003, George W. Bush probably would not have imagined that the country would be plunged into such a chaotic situation three years later. Despite its victorious offensives, U.S. forces have not been able to clear anti-U. S. resistance, which in effect has seen a drastic restoration recently. Although the U. S. -dominated democratic process has largely been completed, and Washington continues to increase economic assistance, Iraq has made little progress in its reconstruction, leaving Iraqi people with severe water and power shortages. In particular, ever since the bombing of a famous Shiite shrine (什叶派教徒的圣地) on February 22, the feud between the Sunnis (逊尼派教徒) and the Shiites, Iraq's two major religious sects, has degenerated to the edge of a complete loss of control.
At present, the United States can neither come up with a quick answer to the Iraq problem, nor rid itself of the heavy burden easily. Behind the “Iraq syndrome” are the huge costs on the part of the United States: over 2,300 troops killed and $ 200-250 billion spent.
Gains
As a matter of fact, the United States has reaped remarkable benefits from the war in spite of its vast costs.
Geopolitical Priority
The geopolitical situation has been made more favorable to the United States. One of the underlying reasons why the United States seeks a transformation of Iraq is to smash Arab nationalism so as to keep a firm grip on Arab countries. If their advantages in population, natural resources and geographic position are integrated and they speak with one voice, let alone establish a unified Arab country, the 22-nation Arab world will be capable of resisting intervention by big powers. Unity means power and provides the best screen against the interference of Western superpowers. Arab nationalism, championed by former Egyptian Premier Gamal Abdel Nasser, was at its height in the 1950s to 1960s. In 1956, Nasser successfully defended the military aggression waged by Britain, France and Israel. In the Fourth Middle East War, or the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the Arab countries effectively protected their dignity and interests by using the oil weapon. Although Arab nationalism gradually declined after that, with conflicts emerging among the various nations, the basis for political integration still exists. For the, United States, the Arab world is, of course, too large.
Iraq is at the core of the Arab world. Its former leader Saddam Hussein had been going out of his way to revive Arab nationalism by taking advantage of the anti-U. S. sentiments popular in the Middle East, something inauspicious for Washington. It is for these reasons that the United States set about changing the nature of Iraq through the Iraq War, the post-war democratic transformation, and especially supporting the Kurds (库尔德人). In the new Iraqi Constitution, the country is no longer labeled an “Arab country”.
The United States has therefore succeeded in breaking the Arab world from within, preventing the revival of Arab nationalism and getting rid of the biggest threat for it to control the oil and strategic zones in the Middle East. In the meantime, as Iraq is turned into a dependent, pro-U. S. (支持美国的) country, the United States will be able to establish a new strategic base in the heart of the Middle East. A curve linking Turkey, Iraq and Pakistan is in the making.
Democratic Transformation
The United States has subjected Middle East countries to its democratic transformation. Promoting democratic transformation is an essential part of the U. S. Middle East policy, on which it relies to eliminate terrorism and reshape the Middle East order. Iraq provides a perfect laboratory for the U. S. democratic transformation experiment.
In 2005, the Iraqi political process made a great progress despite frequent setbacks. Not only had the previous objectives been generally fulfilled, hut the public also showed an ever-greater eagerness for political participation. For example, some 8. 5 million cast votes in the election for the transitional National Assembly January last year, but by December when the formal legislative election took place, the number of voters had risen to 12 million.
Under the influence of Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Egypt also held presidential, parliamentary or regional elections last year. “Democracy” has become something that all Middle East nations expect. Some critics even called the trend an “Arab Spring”.
Aside from the actual effects of the elections, the introduction of the concept of “democracy” in itself is beneficial to the United States. The United States has turned itself from a hegemonic(霸权的) power to a guardian of democracy, maintaining a solid control over the Middle East region.
Control of Oil Resources
The United States has strengthened its control over the oil resources in the Middle East. Even before the Iraq War, some insightful people had pointed out that the war would be mainly targeted at oil. If Iraq had not been rich in oil, the United States would have thought twice before going into the war.
As is known, Iraq has an oil deposit of 112 billion barrels(桶), ranking second in the world. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that an additional 220 billion barrels might be discovered in the deserts in western Iraq. If this estimation is true, Iraq will exceed Saudi Arabia to become the world's No. 1 oil-rich country. By breaking down the Saddam regime, the United States got access to the oilfields, a victory that ensures its long-term, stable oil supply. Washington's intention has become evident through a series of initiatives it took after the war. The Iraq War was declared to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to “liberate the Iraqi people”. However, as soon as it occupied the country, Washington sent heavy troops to seize Iraq's oilfields, turning a blind eye to its social chaos.
To date, 63 of the 85 oilfields in Iraq have signed long-term contracts with U.S. multinationals. Under these contracts, up to $194 billion in Iraqi oil revenues are going to multinational oil companies, and no political force in Iraq can change these contracts. Obviously, the United States has become the biggest owner of Iraq's oil interests. Observers pointed out that people have come to realize that the Iraq War actually resulted from oil, interests and possessiveness.
Game of Superpower
The Iraq war is a big, unpredictable business deal for the United States, a rash experiment in Utopian democracy, and even a video game that only a superpower can afford to play. Bush may consider pulling the troops out as a last resort. But the Iraqis, who were deprived of homes, jobs and loved ones and might face a possible split of their country, have become perpetual victims of the bitter war.

1. President George W. Bush claimed that military force would withdraw from Iraq in no case though opinion polls in the United States have shown that support for the war is falling down.
2. Religious conflict between sects in Iraq became worse due to the war.
3. The United States intended to unite the Arab world to control the oil and strategic zones in the Middle East.
4. Democracy was expected in all Middle East nations under the influence of Iraq.
5. Some of the oil fields were bombed by Iraq in case that the US obtained them in the war.
6. America reaped great gains from Iraq war despite the much pain from both sides.
7. The United States smashed Arab nationalism so as to________.
8. ________ is at the core of the Arab world.
9. The United States has turned itself from a hegemonic power to a guardian of democracy by the introduction of _________ to the Middle East.
10. If the estimates of the U.S. Energy Information Administration about oil reserve in the deserts in western Iraq are true, the deposit of oil in Iraq will amount to________.

Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)
Section A
11. A) Four contestants failed to win prizes. C) The woman missed the show.
B) The man participates in the quiz show. D) Five contestants won cell phones.
12. A) It gives a 20% discount to all customers.
B) It is run by Fiona's friend.
C) It hires Fiona as an adviser.
D) It encourages husbands to shop on their own.
13. A) He used to be a workman himself. C) He is professional builder.
B) He likes to do things himself. D) He paid workmen to decorate the house.
14. A) All the students would like a formal ball. C) The festival will begin the year nicely.
B) Raising the money will be hard. D) The club needs some sports as well.
15. A) To do whatever the committee asks of him.
B) To make decisions in agreement with the committee.
C) To run the committee according to his own ideas.
D) To elect the committee chairman himself.
16. A) Her husband was teaching English there C) Her children were born there.
B) She was born there.  D) She has lived there since 1982.
17. A) He has hurt his hand.  C) He is very busy at the moment.
B) He can't fix it.  D) He wants the woman to pay the money.
18. A) Mr. Smith is very kind. C) She is worried.
B) The man should not worry. D) She likes Mr. Smith.

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A) Friends. C) Two police officers.
B) A police officer and an investigator. D) A police officer and a program hostess.
20. A) His job as a police officer.
B) His personal life.
C) How stressful patrol work is.
D) How police officer are taught to deal with stress.
21. A) He is an experienced police officer. C) He is a good supervisor.
B) He will quit his present job sooner or later. D) He enjoys being a police officer.

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
22. A) Her taking improper sleeping medications. C) Her having a poor digestion.
B) Her having unusual stress lately. D) Her having insufficient physical activities.
23. A) going regularly to a gym. C) keeping a close watch on her weight,
B) taking the right medicine. D) taking walking regularly.
24. A) The woman should go in for vigorous exercise to lose extra weight.
B) The woman should sign up at a gym to improve sleeping.
C) The woman should get more exercise and a healthy diet to ease her complaints.
D) The woman should deal with the unusual stress in her life on her own.
25. A) The patient has no stress in her life.
B) The patient suffers from stress in her work, life and finances.
C) The patient is very busy and does not have enough time for sleep.
D) The biggest problem with the patient is her lack of physical exercise.

Section B
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. A) The government officials. C) The criminals.
B) The factory owners. D) The poor and immigrants.
27. A) People needed places to work and live.
B) City government was encouraging expansion.
C) There were few clearly defined neighborhoods.
D) Real estate development was uncontrolled.
28. A) Rapid population growth. C) Real estate speculators.
B) Corrupt city government. D) Lack of immigration quotas.

Passage Two
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. A) Separate houses were built for storing ice.
B) Double walls were built in icehouses to keep cool.
C) Blocks of ice were packed with hay in icehouses.
D) Ice was put into icehouses in winter.
30. A) The ice was cut and handled with the help of some special tools.
B) The ice was taken from the flowing river with hooks and carried by sleds to icehouses.
C) The ice was carried on the frozen surface of the pond or river.
D) The ice was sawed into even blocks by workers.
31. A) Saws, choppers, axes, tongs, hooks. C) Choppers, axes, saws, hooks, tongs.
B) Axes, saws, choppers, tongs, hooks. D) Axes, saws, choppers, hooks, tongs.

Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
32. A) No fuel.  C) Engine trouble.
B) Ice on the wing.  D) No food.
33. A) New England.  C) Newfoundland.
B) Britain.  D) Alaska.
34. A) Only one.  C) Three.
B) Two.  D) More than three.
35. A) Many hours.  C) Two full days.
B) One full day.  D) Three full days.

Section C
Laziness is a sin, everyone knows that. We have probably all had lectures pointing out that laziness is (36) ________, that it is wasteful, and that lazy people will never amount to(有所成就) anything in life. But laziness can be harmful than that, and it is often caused by more (37) ________ reasons than the simple wish to avoid work. Some people who appear to be lazy are (38) ________ from more serious problems. They may be so (39) ________ of their fellow workers that they are unable to join in any group task for fear of ridicule or fear of having their ideas (40) ________. These people who seem lazy may be paralyzed by a fear of failure that prevents fruitful work. Or other sorts of fantasies may prevent work. Some people are so busy planning, sometimes planning great deals or fantastic (41) ________, that they are unable to deal with; strictly speaking, they are (42) ________ procrastinating-rescheduling their day.
Laziness can (43) ________ be helpful. Like procrastinators(拖延者), some people may look lazy when they are really thinking, planning, and researching. We should remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance or while someone was “goofing off”. Newton wasn't working in the orchard (果园) (44) _____________________. All of us would like to have some “lazy” build the car or stove we buy, (45) __________________________. And sometimes, being “lazy'--that is, taking time off for a rest--is good for the overworked student or executive. (46) _________________________________________________. So be careful when you're tempted to call someone lazy. That person may be thinking, resting, or planning his or her next book.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.
Do you see the glass as half-full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly theses cliches are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize (细察) the power of positive thinking. Research is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. If we could teach people to think more positively, it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.
Your habit counts but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will. In part, that's because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways. When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. But the optimist looks for loopholes. Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. If people feel hopeless they don't bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.
A sense of control is the litmus test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like fate's plaything and moves slowly. He doesn't seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done. Many studies suggest that the pessimist's feeling of helplessness undermines the body's natural defenses, the immune system. Feeling passive and unable to dodge life's blows, he expects ill health and other misfortunes, no matter what he does. He munches on junk food, avoids exercise, ignores the doctor, has another drink.
Most people are a mix of both, but are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned at our mothers' knees. It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones. Too many “don't” and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent, fearful -- and pessimistic. Pessimism is a hard habit to break -- but it can be done.

47. What does “these mental ills” refer to in the last sentence of the first paragraph?
48. How do you understand the first sentence in the second paragraph?
49. What is the physical effect to a pessimist particularly after a life's blow?
50. What does “both” in the last paragraph stand for?
51. What does the author want to convey through this passage?

Section B
Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

52. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
A) sociology and linguistics C) linguistics and psychology
B) literature and psychology D) physics and chemistry
53. We can infer from the passage that ________.
A) there is little difference between specialization and professionalisation
B) amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
C) amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
D) professionals welcome amateurs into the scientific community
54. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
A) the change of policies in scientific publications
B) the difficulties of amateurs in scientific study
C) the process of specialization and professionalisation
D) the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
55. The direct reason for specialization is ________.
A) the development in scientific activities C) the expansion of scientific knowledge
B) the growth of professionalization D) the splitting up of academic societies
56. Which of the following is not the reason for the growth of specialization?
A) Accumulation of scientific knowledge. C) Convenience for future research.
B) Easy handling of information. D) The development of communication.

Passage Two
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Migration is usually defined as “permanent or semipermanent change of residence”. This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or across a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.
Students of human migration speak of “push” and “pull” factors, which influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic(痛苦的) as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice of destination).
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort had to the development of migration flow.
Besides push and pull actors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening obstacles”. Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problem is likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.

57. The author thinks that pull factors _________.
A) are all related to economic considerations C) include a range of considerations
B) are not as decisive as push factors D) are more important than push factors
58. People's decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the following EXCEPT ________.
A) personalities  C) marital status
B) education  D) age
59. The purpose of the passage is to discuss _________.
A) migration between countries C) migration inside the country
B) the reasons of international migrants D) the problems of international migrants
60. Which group of people don't migrate because of pull factors?
A) Refugees.  C) People with overseas relatives or friends.
B) People looking for a good life. D) People seeking better job opportunities.
61. Which of the following belongs to “intervening obstacles”?
A) Severe famine.  C) Presence of fellow countrymen.
B) Personal factors.  D) Finding a suitable job.

Part V Cloze (15 minutes)
What's your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you __62__ thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom __63__ events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four __64__ retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been __65__ by psychologists for this “childhood amnesia”(儿童失忆症) . One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature __66__ about the age of two. But the most popular theory __67__ that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot __68__ childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or __69__ -- one event follows __70__ as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental __71__ for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don't find any that fits the __72__. It's like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.
Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new __73__ for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply __74__ any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use __75__ spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly __76__ impressions of them into long-term memories. In other __77__, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about __78__ -- Mother talking about the afternoon __79__ looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this __80__ reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form __81__ memories of their personal experiences.

62. A) listened B) felt C) touched D) heard
63. A) involve B) interpret C) recall D) resolve
64. A) largely B) rarely C) merely D) really
65. A) canceled B) figured C) proposed D) witnessed
66. A) until B) once C) after D) since
67. A) magnifies B) intervenes C) contains D) maintains
68. A) reflect B) attain C) access D) refer
69. A) narratives B) forecasts C) regulations D) descriptions
70. A) the rest B) another C) the other D) other
71. A) outputs B) dreams C) flashes D) files
72. A) footstep B) pattern C) frame D) landscape
73. A) emphasis B) arrangement C) explanation D) factor
74. A) aren't B) weren't C) isn't D) wasn't
75. A) anyone else B) anyone else's C) someone else D) someone else's
76. A) forgotten B) remembered C) forgetting D) remembering
77. A) senses B) cases C) words D) means
78. A) him B) theirs C) it D) them
79. A) used B) chosen C) taken D) spent
80. A) habitual B) verbal C) pretty D) mutual
81. A) permanent B) conscious C) subordinate D) spiritual

Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
82. Don't take _________________________ (这个表面上看起来很容易的问题) for granted.
83. The parents must have been horrified when _________________________________ (他们的儿子把头发染成红色).
84. After all, some professions __________________________ (带有一种特殊的魅力), which can be very seductive.
85. This company _______________________________ (接管了这家连续五年亏损的企业).
86. _________________________________________ (长期不上班) delayed his promotion.

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六级模考(二)

时间：2007-07-06 来源：大学生英语四六级考试 打印本文

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时间：2007-07-06 来源：大学生英语四六级考试打印本文